privacy from drones bring fifty guys with you and everything will work out just fine but that's just my opinion. hello and welcome said old europe dates is the end of all it's all but not so close in moscow but luckily for us the someone hasn't finished everywhere so we thought we pop called bikes and go in search of a song winter's knocking at moscow's door between normally sit on

a long johns just yet so we travel to europe to soak up some rays imbibes a culture and see what's going on in the world of technology fronts was europe's largest exporter of electricity last year but despite this abundance in power the country is still looking for new energy sources and even has to bring the power that drives the song. there's a lot of energy in france i'm not just talking about the street dunces the country ranks second in the world in terms of nuclear power stations but with growing environmental and safety concerns the sun may be setting on nuclear energy as we know it so many says from around the world have come to discuss a possible shift away from nuclear fission. there are currently one hundred eighty five nuclear power plants in europe and another seventeen on the way france has almost a third of the total with fifty eight plants producing seventy eight percent of the country's energy needs only stations have produced well over one million cubic meters of radioactive waste ninety percent of which is stored in three facilities

this is where nuclear fusion comes in almost the difference. nuclear fission isn't normally found in nature it's the process by which heavy elements split to form lighter elements and has been created by mankind to make poa stations and nuclear bombs. typical reaction a neutron hits isotope which caused it to destabilize and splits into small elements and neutrons giving off energy unfortunately its also uses a large amounts of radioactive waste which is incredibly hard to dispose of safely nuclear fusion on the other hand is nature's atomic power you just have to look at the some of the stars to see it in action in this reaction hydrogen isotopes in this district tarion confines a form of heavy isotope helium a single neutrons and lots of energy because most importantly fusion gives off hardly any radioactive waste. a small the idea of eater was first

discussed at an international forum in washington in one nine hundred seventy five together with the leader of the us thermo nuclear program we gave a report on things we could do together and on ways to do them back in one nine hundred seventy five we said we should work on what is known today as a technological platform this was it or this is what we said back in one nine hundred seventy five and all the work after that basically followed this plan which you. really have suggests that general secretary got about twelve bring it up at the geneva superpower summit one thousand nine hundred eighty five he discussed it with president reagan and the international thermonuclear experimental reactor project was born europe france in particular was already looking to diversify its energy sources and joined the project along with japan in two thousand and six the agreement to build run and decommission was signed and dramas finally broke in two

thousand and seven construction is now in full swing and gathering momentum. every day. is also latin for the way symbolizing the way locating in the south of france is one of the most ambitious international scientific collaboration is ever undertaken the e.u. india japan and china russia south korea and the u.s. representing over one hoss of the world's population all taking part in the project to make the holy grail of energy production a reality. but nuclear fusion won't come easy even the groundwork for the project is a feat in itself that each test site is the size of sixty football pitches making it one of the largest manmade level surfaces in the world to access roads from the poles have all been reinforced to support the weight of the deliveries and five thousand people are expected to be working on the site during the peak of construction as the host country france is responsible for a lot of the infrastructure but the sheer size of the projects is too much for one

country alone. this is an international project it's very important to make sure we're all on the same page different countries will be providing different components and it's important that all the components is supplied at the right time compatibility issues need to be taken care of. nature has none of these problems and creates fusion a long time ago the temperature at the sun's core is fifteen million degrees centigrade this combined with these huge mass and density create the perfect conditions for fusion so perfect some fights that infuses six hundred twenty million tons of hydrogen every second construction is complete the real fun starts at the heart of the entire complex is this fusion reactor which will recreate the conditions in the center of the sun. deuterium interests equally charged to overcome the not sure which happens so easily in the sun they need to be heated to over one hundred fifty million degrees in a vacuum at this temperature they form

a positive which is confined to the four donut shaped you. only magnetic fields and electric currents is going through the plasma to help heat it and the walls of the chamber have to be built to withstand the intense heat and vacuum conditions and this magical device that can create stars is called talk a mark but it's not a new invention. is a russian acronym for toroidal chamber with magnetic coils and it was created in russia over sixty years ago many of the people i'd spoken to mention the young red army soldiers when i asked them about the history of nuclear fusion so i went to the state library in moscow to find out more i was intrigued by this mysterious figure despite having received very little formal education before the outbreak of the second world war i developed a passion and a talent for nuclear physics. a little princess was the first person proposed two hundred passed in an electrostatic field in one hundred fifty brodie's i.d.'s in a letter to stalin but never received a reply but the second letter addressed to the central committee caused quite

a stir and he's invited to moscow to discuss his ideas with soviet physicists andre sucker of an ego to tom and they were impressed by his originality and boldness sucker of recommended that work canoe cliff fusion get started straight away but to find eleven inches i did using a circular magnetic field instead of physicist eagle chris shots of gave a talk in england where he revealed the soviet union's novel approach in progress the world was impressed by the u.k. declassified its nuclear fusion research and international cooperation began in earnest the first magnetic plasma containment device the t one was created in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven the t. three which both sucker of and tom had been working on was completed in one thousand nine hundred sixty eight it's a huge record temperature levels and plasma confinement times and the talk about to become the dominant concept in fusion research after this talk of marks began to sprinkle all over the world. some of the most notable include the joints european

tourists or jets in the u.k. which if the food. controlled release of fusion power and holds the record for the most power produced this talk is currently being used to test a wall lining for. japan's j c sixty which holds the record for the highest possible time density and temperature ratio and c.s.t. on america which means to heat the plasma to a mindblowing five hundred ten million degrees c. despite these advances no talking mike has ever achieved a long salt breakeven point where device releases the same amount of energy as it's used to start the reaction. at the to is not a nuclear power plant it's an experimental reactor at its purpose is to show everyone that all the major technological and physical problems have been sold and that thermo nuclear energy is now available as a source of electricity for industrial needs if you keep it up and what usually.

the alternatives the talk among the stellar rates was invented nine hundred fifty in the us and doesn't run a current through the plasma making it easy to operate however any deviation from the complex geometric form results in a significant reduction in plasma containment characteristics was a lot of progress has been made in germany in recent years with the fine seventy six inertial confinement fusion uses dozens of high powered lasers to heat a compressed hydrogen fuel pellets and ignite a fusion reaction although exciting from a theoretical point of view it can be tricky to extract power from this method. the talk about turned out to be the most practical plasma confinement system. the fact these days you know every decent university or laboratory has its own talk of marcus' will one proves it. the first ever talk a mock the team one was built right at the could chose a ski institute in moscow. the institute is named after. the russian domestic

agencies also based here managing all aspects of the country's participation in the project. he's now home says he wants distant descend to ten which was built almost forty years ago and is the largest talk among currently operating in russia that see time has generated around ninety thousand positive pulses which is way over its original designation despite its age old faithful still has a place in today's research and plays an important part in testing how plasma interacts with electromagnetic waves for each. firstly it will use this tocome up to test out new technologies once that does that we can apply them in a big scale secondly that we also use it to develop new diagnostic methods for me this is not an easy task because in actual fact many of these diagnostic tools do not yet exist and will use either to develop them in some of these diagnostic tools will be developed here at the office and it's. the talk or mike is located just

behind these walls and take it from me it's quite something see the possibility of naked eye but if you want to be able to control it you have to be able to monitor it and this is why they have this being generator generates a sense of being neutral particles through the plasma which cause it's on the go a series of spectral changes the beam and comes out of the plasma is sent to his five optic cable the constant being is given a frame rate of about two hundred fifty per second with this filter the beam then goes through this box and through a series of lenses and is finally picked up by the spectrometer to see. the spectrometer that send all this information to a computer which does the number crunching to calculate the spectral properties of the beam on these these pulses that you calculate the heat and the concentration of the. the electric field strength and rotation speed of the. measurements these are the most important part. and.

be fitted in the. one diagnostic system is far from enough. monitored closely. there are different types of diagnostics physical diagnostics. technological diagnostics and then there are safe diagnostics give us a clear picture of the things happening inside the reactor. given the experimental nature if. you will have around forty five diagnostic systems nine of which have been developed in russia. institute three in the institute and three in the institute. the diagnostic systems range from lasers x. rays a neutron cameras to impurity monitors particle spectrometers and radiation. and fortunately we can cover them all check out

a few. is also working on the field side reflect the system. and use the extents which they reflected to gauge the density and therefore the stability of the plasma a wide range of frequencies are used which allows them to take a cross-section and see the density distribution with this system is tested using this full. wave. but the main challenge different way frequency is done the same guide without distorting them this diagnostic technology the way it is meant to be applied editor has never been used with the talk of mark. so we decided to start by installing diagnostics sensors inside the t ten and now we have collected a full. ray machine results. this is a full scale replica of the institute. the six ton device would be

located just one point five meters away from the hot plasma business and only a two centimeter gap in the. diverts helps maintain the purity of the place an important role in ensuring the safety of the talk among. the gamma radiation produced during the reaction this information to measure the confinement of the alpha particles generated during fusion. a crucial role in producing a. which is a self-sustaining reaction. if any power. to institute is also building this neutral particle. concentrations. energy. isotopes any deviation from. this information allows

a few levels to be adjusted accordingly. russia has been put in charge of supplying this dog gnostic system basically that's because we've been leaders in the application of these diagnostics nuclear installations for a number of decades now we've dozens of instruments operating on this principle and supplied them to our foreign partners. institute he's also located in st petersburg and is heavily involved. so i went down. to see what they were. clearly working on pas make mission systems for the reactor. generate the huge electrical currents required to heat the plasma they also developed. to take control. from overheating if this happens a small explosive charge in the pyre break could detonate causing a small and medium brings to expand and complete a by prosecutes which discharges the excess current in less than twenty

microseconds kind of like a giant fuse. or we have a range of key technologies being developed for the ether that must be supplied on time some of the needed to ensure the experiment safety. among them the technologies related to the magnetic system the vacuum chamber the palaces the chamber elements. this panel is part of the inside wall of the talk a mock is made up of lots of little tiles like this one each tile consists of a layer of tungsten copper i'm wrong and the inside wall have over one million of them and six hundred thousand we made here in russia europe and japan also made these panels and the sun them hits we tested in this chamber the chamber can get into three thousand degrees c. but still it's s m fifty hundred which is the exact same temperature as inside the talk of. the inside wall of the reactor represents an immense engineering challenge

the heat is subjected to the sequence of one hundred thousand light bulbs shining on one square meter the force exerted by the magnets could be compared to the way to fifty lorries and if this weren't enough. to grade the structural integrity of the wall this to cinch a book contains an electron beam which imitates the heat load on the wall to ensure it's capable of dissipating all this heat over a relatively small area without fracturing so how can two stand with a melting point to three and a half thousand degrees based on temperatures of over one hundred million. most of the particles held in the polls. the magnetic field and reached the first hole the top the density of the particles dropped significantly which means that if the wall is subject to lowered the water cooling the juicing steen which drives the turbine to produce electricity. this is a complicated task because we have to combine different materials into

a single structure which should be able to operate for a decade or so being exposed to aggressive plasma which we draw from soviet and russian researchers experience with modern materials for example the high energy laser mirrors. vehicle fairing and family protection high energy radars. and this is why russia was able to achieve excellent results in this area. with. the money. to be adopted especially for. this laser welding machines used to see. there are no impurities in the weld. metal. after the break.

i. don't think the united states bond for ousting in a college neither did russia i think plan for taking control of our crimea and yet we have a major crisis on our hands. likely to be resolved in some sort of constructive way now because. this is the last change in borders that happens this way that i'm not saying will be forgotten but you know people. on that them selves to the realities if it turns out though this is the first step of this is going to go on indefinitely. threaten the very existence between the state and work under the different. forever new should to go straight from being a ball and. both the existing order to be

a well run from kristie is impossible it just won't happen because the acts of the revolution is so. off the show a so great that there is a period of chaos. since the end of the cold war the media environment has transformed almost beyond recognition today there is a global battle for hearts and minds and the west mainstream media is losing. sigrid lumbered sure to mukherjee was able to build a new most sophisticated rulebooks which all unfortunately doesn't give a darn about anything too much mission to teach music creation.

a lot of the work for each day as we count out here in st petersburg and what better place to come than the e.o. for institutes which is the birthplace of nuclear physics in russia it is also home to the country's newest to the global. church of himself which is

a senior research at the ofa institute before moving to moscow to head his own lab as well as developing many diagnostic systems for heat at the institutions also built to talk a mark of its own it uses a device to study plasma behavior as well as tests repeating systems place not like any talk we've seen before. the global sam is a spherical talk it's also the newest in russia and was built entirely in st petersburg is more compartment traditional talk of mikes so the money so located much closer to the plasma which greatly reduces the amount of energy required to confine it the shape of the chamber also makes the past mean currently more stable and an increase in efficiency is achieved by holding the postman much more centrally. despite the magnetic fields being generally we can this type of talk a much making it harder to reach required possible density is certainly not without its uses. as far as the energy industry is concerned

research is a currently designing a hybrid reactor that's a token mark or a spherical talk in our case it's used as a source of false neutrons among like say there's no self-sustaining reaction and those false neutrons say used to irradiate spent unspent nuclear fuel with the blood clots normally used in fission reactors. isn't just providing a lot of technology for a lot of the money a function is being carried out here as well one of the country's speciality specific so that's why it's joined forces with five other countries to produce. systems bush will provide a total of seventy three spools of soup to my next a cable for each for the length of eight hundred meters. we are very pleased that the seventh stream. takes.

a stable from sample to sample. is stable. and there are many stages to the money for it to process the same seed. producer the chip is commit chemical factory and then send seven hundred fifty miles hates up a job where they are cleaned and. the why is it then wont to produce strong which until now want five times to produce a cable first sentences the stick is then about in a steel jackets and compressed the cable is loaded onto an eight and a half ton school for transportation. to the money it will be assembled in the test giant money to. a pulp which will be money for russia. eighteen superconducting two field and six field goals essential solenoids on the sets of correction calls that can find shape and control the placement inside the

box and vessel. is an ancient russian city not only known for its beauty and rich history but its reputation for science the research and manufacturers is known far outside russia's borders. production facility. is responsible. producing nine out of the twenty four. were invented in russia in one thousand nine hundred sixty four now called a nice north good institute for pride physics. no use in the vast majority of talk of marks throughout the world as heating the puzzle without them next to impossible . he says twenty four joe johns will be located in a separate building one hundred fifty meters away from. the electromagnetic waves the producer he sends trial waveguides interrupts are helping keep the cosmic to the temperature necessary for fusion. we see each other as

a regular customer since we've agreed to supply it with knowing. the year two thousand and twenty there are a regular customer but we also hope to be able to sell to all three. under other contracts in the same period. gyro is locked into circle untrimmed is taken from the electron so it's a pretty good name for a device that's based on the rotates emotional electrons in a jar of beams of elections are accelerating towards a covered c west strong when they see field is applying the interaction between the rotating motion of the electrons and the most basic field generates high frequency radio waves to travel in a straight line most likely not. the high frequency waves excite the electrons in the customer causing it to talk a bit like a microwave heats water enjoy it also has a stabilizing effect on the puzzler helping prolong the length of the reaction and therefore the energy produced so that all these benefits demand could joe johns is

pretty high at the moment and he's probably working on borders from germany china and japan but in the meantime it looks like we have another such five customer. review for. the project therefore. i hope i have the confidence to share. our kit it's quarter. and. it's a project and. there is a leading member of the project therefore is out. of access over the perfect before turning to france. physics where the artificial diamond windows for the. highly conductive results in very little power and they don't. they don't come cheap the latest estimates place the final cost of the project at thirteen billion euros or so may say that the countries have simply

blown the money away so the will see the benefits of the project for the next couple of decades the money now represents a huge investment in the future energy security of the entire world. international cooperation at its best peaceful use of nuclear power for the advancement of mankind and protection of the environment most of the money invested in the project has already been through the technologies and materials developed which have already. known there's no doubt there's a long way to go for. the progress so far i'm sure fusion has a bright future but until then enjoy the right. his name was joseph good because he was nazi germany's minister of propaganda the

myths that he created exist to this day. it was the herbals propaganda it was both actually trying to denigrate other nations while at the same time raising ordinary german so steams would. keep its complete use of go bill sniff precisely what the masses need to hear in order to make them follow him he was like the kite paper from the fairy tale who made the rats follow the chain of this plight. the myths created by the chief nazi ideologist bound for tal soil in the west we have to fight these myths today in memory of those who walk in the second world war.

this is what we do we kill people and break things. we can see something if simple as people playing a soccer game we can see individual players and we can see the ball. you can almost see is facial expression you can see his mouth open and crying out. maybe he cursed us or maybe he asked. for forgiveness for. there must be near certainty that no civilians will be killed or injured. right on the scene. first street. corners. and instrumental.

in the in the. police ceasefire in eastern ukraine has been extended until monday night kiev and of the anti-government forces both say that they are observing the truce but shells . fall on russian territory. as isis insurgents continue their deadly advance across iraq in the kurdish minority push ahead with plans for an autonomous state in the oil rich north saying that they are ready to hold a referendum. plus the police and brutally crushed another rally of migrant workers preparing the nation for the twenty twenty two. protesting against conditions rights groups described as horrific.